On March 15, 2024, the M23 rebel group, supported by Rwanda, signed a framework agreement aimed at establishing a peace deal in eastern Congo. This development represents a recent effort to resolve a conflict that has persisted for decades and has seen significant humanitarian crises affecting millions.
The signing took place in Doha, following negotiations facilitated by Qatar and the United States. Although the agreement is not a final peace accord, it outlines essential measures necessary for reaching one, according to Benjamin Mbonimpa, head of the M23 delegation. In a video statement posted on social media platform X, Mbonimpa emphasized that no changes would occur on the ground until the outlined measures are thoroughly debated and finalized.
Context of the Conflict
The conflict in eastern Congo has led to the displacement of approximately 7 million people, earning it a designation from the United Nations as one of the most protracted and serious humanitarian crises worldwide. The M23 group has been a major player among over 100 armed factions vying for control in the mineral-rich region. Earlier this year, M23 escalated its military activities, capturing key cities such as Goma and Bukavu.
The framework agreement includes eight measures that form the foundation for a potential peace deal. Two of these measures—the release of prisoners and the establishment of a ceasefire oversight body—were already signed in the previous months of September and October. The remaining six measures, which address state authority restoration in rebel-held territories, humanitarian access, and refugee resettlement, will be open for negotiation in the upcoming two weeks, as stated by the Congolese government.
Ongoing Negotiations and International Involvement
Since April, Qatar has hosted multiple rounds of discussions between the Congolese government and the M23 group. These talks have primarily focused on setting conditions for a comprehensive peace agreement and agreeing on confidence-building measures. Despite these efforts, both parties have accused each other of violating existing peace terms, and fighting has persisted in the region.
In July, the two sides signed a declaration of principles, committing to a comprehensive peace agreement by August 18, 2023. However, they failed to meet this deadline, each blaming the other for breaches of the agreement.
Senior adviser to former US President Donald Trump, Massad Boulos, attended the signing ceremony in Doha, describing the framework agreement as a “starting point.” He characterized the moment as a “historic” opportunity and expressed optimism for a fruitful resolution. The Trump administration has played a crucial role in mediating between the Congolese government and Rwanda, culminating in a peace deal signed between the two nations in June.
The recent framework agreement signals a renewed commitment to peace in a region long plagued by conflict. As discussions move forward, the international community will be watching closely to see if this framework can lead to a lasting resolution for the people of eastern Congo.
